Evaluation of Mental Health Literacy Status of Patients Admitted to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic
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Original Article
VOLUME: 10 ISSUE: 3
P: 241 - 247
September 2022

Evaluation of Mental Health Literacy Status of Patients Admitted to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic

Namik Kemal Med J 2022;10(3):241-247
1. University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Family Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
No information available.
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Received Date: 31.01.2022
Accepted Date: 23.03.2022
Publish Date: 16.09.2022
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ABSTRACT

Conclusion:

In our study, MHL was determined to be at a moderate level, and it was lower in those with high symptom levels for anxiety and depression. On the other hand, MHL level was also negatively affected by advanced age and the presence of chronic diseases, and it was higher in those with higher education levels, those who were married, and those who worked in any job.

Results:

The mean age of 327 participants was 38.95±11.94 years, and most were female (n=216; 66.1%). According to HADS, the mean anxiety score was 7.90±4.54, and the mean depression score was 6.97±4.36. The mean total MHLS score was 14.05±3.49, the mean knowledge subscale score was 7.56±1.93, the mean belief subscale score was 4.17±1.83, and the mean resource subscale score was 2.28±1.54. An inverse and significant correlation was determined between age and MHLS total score (p=0.001). There was a significant difference in education levels regarding MHLS total score (p=0.000). An inverse and significant correlation was observed between MHL total score and HADS anxiety and depression scores (p=0.041, p=0.000, respectively).

Materials and Methods:

This prospective study was designed as descriptive and single-centered. The study was performed with patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years, who were admitted to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary hospital and who met the inclusion criteria. The participants’ sociodemographic and medical characteristics were questioned by the Patient Information Form. Symptom levels for anxiety and depression were evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and MHL levels were determined with the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS).

Aim:

Mental health literacy (MHL) refers to knowledge and beliefs regarding recognizing, managing, and preventing mental health disorders. It is critical in the early diagnosis of mental health diseases. This study aimed to determine the symptom levels of individuals for anxiety and depression and to evaluate their MHL status.

Keywords:
Family medicine, anxiety, depression, mental health, mental health literacy

INTRODUCTION

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is defined as a state of well-being in which a person realizes his/her potential, copes with the normal stresses of life, works efficiently, and contributes to himself and society1.

Deterioration in mental health may occur due to exposure to stress, genetics, nutrition, perinatal infections, and environmental hazards. Many mental health disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, dementia, and autism, which can occur with abnormalities in thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors, are well-known2.

Mental health disorders are a major concern worldwide3. WHO reported that mental disorders could occur in approximately 12% of the entire population at any given time in the European Region4. In Turkey, the rate of mental illnesses detected in the “Turkish Mental Health Profile Study”, the first and only scaled study reporting a nationwide prevalence, is 17.2%. More than 20 years have passed since this research, and it should not be overlooked that there have been significant changes in Turkey’s health system, as well as in its social and population structure during this time5. In the light of this information, it can be considered that people are likely to encounter a mental health disorder in themselves or their relatives at any time during their lifetime. In this context, the concept of mental health literacy (MHL), an extension of health literacy that continues to develop, is vital in terms of early diagnosis and intervention of mental health disorders. According to Jorm, who first defined this concept, MHL refers to individuals’ ability to understand and identify mental disorders, their etiology, how and where to seek help for mental health, and the management and prevention of mental health disorders6,7.

As MHL increases, people’s awareness of the symptoms of mental health disorders and their behavior of using treatment resources correctly will increase, and thus, an improvement in mental health is expected. Those with low MHL levels may not realize that when a mental health disorder occurs in them or their relatives, it is a disease that requires medical attention. This situation may result in less healthcare, delays in diagnosis, and worsening prognosis8,9.

MHL is a concept that is being researched more every day since it plays a decisive role in the mental health of individuals and society. However, there is not enough research on MHL in Turkey. This study aimed to determine the symptom levels of individuals for anxiety and depression and to evaluate the MHL status.

GİRİŞ

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne (DSÖ) göre ruh sağlığı, kişinin potansiyelini fark ettiği, yaşamın normal stresleriyle baş ettiği, verimli çalıştığı, kendisine ve topluma katkıda bulunduğu bir iyilik hali durumu olarak tanımlanmaktadır1.

Strese maruz kalma, genetik, beslenme, perinatal enfeksiyonlar ve çevresel tehlikeler nedeniyle ruh sağlığında bozulma meydana gelebilir. Düşünce, algı, duygu ve davranışlardaki anormalliklerle ortaya çıkabilen depresyon, bipolar bozukluk, şizofreni gibi psikotik bozukluklar demans ve otizm gibi birçok ruh sağlığı bozukluğu iyi bilinmektedir2.

Ruh sağlığı bozuklukları dünya çapında önemli bir sorundur3. DSÖ, Avrupa Bölgesi’nde herhangi bir zamanda tüm nüfusun yaklaşık %12’sinde ruhsal bozuklukların ortaya çıkabileceğini bildirmiştir4. Türkiye’de ülke çapında yaygınlık bildiren ilk ve tek ölçekli çalışma olan “Türkiye Ruh Sağlığı Profili Araştırması’nda” saptanan ruhsal hastalık oranı %17,2’dir. Bu araştırmanın üzerinden 20 yılı aşkın bir süre geçmiş olup, bu süre içinde Türkiye’nin sağlık sisteminde olduğu kadar sosyal ve nüfus yapısında da önemli değişikliklerin olduğu göz ardı edilmemelidir5. Bu bilgiler ışığında kişilerin yaşamları boyunca herhangi bir zamanda kendilerinde veya yakınlarında bir ruh sağlığı bozukluğu ile karşılaşma olasılıklarının yüksek olduğu düşünülebilir. Bu bağlamda sağlık okuryazarlığının gelişmeye devam eden bir uzantısı olan ruh sağlığı okuryazarlığı (RSOY) kavramı, ruh sağlığı bozukluklarının erken teşhisi ve müdahalesi açısından hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bu kavramı ilk tanımlayan Jorm ve ark.6 göre RSOY, bireylerin ruhsal bozuklukları, etiyolojilerini, ruh sağlığı için nasıl ve nereden yardım alabileceklerini ve ruh sağlığı bozukluklarının yönetimi ve önlenmesini anlama ve tanımlama becerisini ifade etmektedir7.

RSOY arttıkça kişilerin ruh sağlığı bozukluklarının semptomlarına yönelik farkındalıkları ve tedavi kaynaklarını doğru kullanma davranışları artacak ve böylece ruh sağlığında iyileşme beklenecektir. RSOY düzeyi düşük olanlar, kendilerinde veya yakınlarında bir ruh sağlığı bozukluğu oluştuğunda bunun tıbbi müdahale gerektiren bir hastalık olduğunun farkına varamayabilirler. Bu durum daha az sağlık bakımına, tanıda gecikmelere ve prognozun kötüleşmesine neden olabilir8,9.

RSOY, bireylerin ve toplumun ruh sağlığında belirleyici rol oynadığı için her geçen gün daha fazla araştırılan bir kavramdır. Ancak Türkiye’de RSOY ile ilgili yeterli araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma, bireylerin anksiyete ve depresyon belirti düzeylerini belirlemeyi ve RSOY durumunu değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective research was designed as a descriptive and single-centered study. Ethical permission for the study was obtained from the Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital Local Ethics Committee (approval no: 371, dated: 24.11.2021). The study was performed as per the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before the study.

Study Design

Participants were selected from patients referred to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary hospital between December 27, 2021 and January 21, 2022. Three hundred and twenty-seven people who had no known mental health problems and a history of psychiatric drug use, who were between the ages of 18 and 65 years, and who agreed to participate were included in the study. Those under the age of 18 years and over the age of 65 years, those with known psychiatric disease and psychiatric drug use, those with a disability to communicate, and those who were illiterate were excluded from the study.

Based on the sample size calculation made with G-power analysis using the simple random sampling method from the study population, the minimum required number of participants was 291 with a 95% confidence interval.

Data Collection Tools

In the study, the Patient Information Form, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) were used to obtain data.

Patient Information Form: A patient information form was formulated, which we prepared using the literature, including the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, working status, educational status), and questioned general health status (presence of chronic diseases, medication, alcohol, and cigarette use).

HADS: HADS was developed by Zigmond and Snaith10 in 1983 to determine the risk of anxiety and depression to measure the level and change in severity. The Turkish validity and reliability study was performed by Aydemir et al.11 in 1997. This four-point Likert-type scale includes 14 questions in total and it consists of two subscales: HADS-anxiety (HADS-A) and HADS-depression (HADS-D). In the validity and reliability study, the cut-off score was 10 for HADS-A and 7 for HADS-D. Those who score above these values are considered at risk for anxiety and depression. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.8525 for HADS-A and 0.7784 for HADS-D11.

MHLS: The MHLS was developed by Jung et al.9 in 2016. The Turkish validity and reliability study was performed by Göktaş et al.12 in 2019. The scale consists of three sub-dimensions and 22 items. There are 11 items in the knowledge subscale, 8 items in the belief subscale, and 4 items in the resource subscale. The 18 questions in the first two subscales are in six-point Likert type, and the answers are given as “strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, strongly disagree, do not know”. The answers to 4 questions in the resource subscale are “yes” and “no”. When the answers to the questions are “strongly agree”, “agree”, and “yes”, “1 point” is given, other answers are considered as “0 points”. The score that can be obtained from the scale varies between 0 and 22, and as the score increases, the MHL level increases. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.71 in the Turkish version of the scale9,12.

Statistical Analysis

While evaluating the data obtained in the study, IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences statistics 22 software was used for statistical analysis. The suitability of the parameters to the normal distribution was evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilks tests, and the parameters did not show normal distribution. While evaluating the data, in addition to descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, frequency), the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed to compare the parameters between more than two groups in the comparison of quantitative data, and the Dunn’s test revealed the group that caused the difference. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison of parameters between two groups. The Spearman’s rho correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlations between parameters. The statistical significance was determined at the p<0.05 level.

RESULTS

The ages of 327 participants ranged from 18 to 65 years, with a mean of 38.95±11.94 years. 66.1% (n=216) of the participants were female, 62.4% (n=204) were married, and 39.4% (n=129) were university graduates. While 54.1% (n=177) were unemployed, the majority of the employees (38.7%; n=58) were working in the private sector. 30.3% (n=99) were active smokers, 37.6% (n=123) had any chronic disease. The distribution of descriptive information about the participants is presented in Table 1.

As demonstrated in Table 2, the mean MHLS total score of the participants was 14.05±3.49 (4-22). The mean knowledge subscale score was 7.56±1.93 (2-10), the mean belief subscale score was 4.17±1.83 (0-8), and the mean resource subscale score was 2.28±1.54 (0-4). The mean HADS-A score was 7.90±4.54 (0-21), the mean HADS-D score was 6.97±4.36 (0-21), and it was observed that the values were below the cut-off values determined for the Turkish form (Table 2).

When HADS and MHLS scores were compared, a significant inverse correlation was determined between the HADS-A score and MHLS total score and resource subscale score of MHLS (p=0.041, p=0.001, respectively). There was a significant inverse correlation between the HADS-D score and MHLS total score, knowledge subscale score of MHLS, and resource subscale score of MHLS (p=0.000, p=0.004, p=0.000, respectively). Findings related to the comparison of HADS and MHLS results are summarized in Table 3.

A significant inverse correlation was determined between age and MHLS total score, knowledge, and resource subscale scores of MHLS (p=0.001, p=0.003, p=0.000, respectively).

Data for the evaluation of the MHLS results according to the descriptive characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 4. There was no statistically significant difference between the genders regarding total MHLS score, knowledge, and belief subscale MHLS scores (p>0.05). However, men’s resource subscale scores of MHLS were significantly higher than women’s (p=0.031). The knowledge and resource subscale MHLS scores of the married were significantly higher than the singles (p=0.007, p=0.013, respectively). When the participants were evaluated according to their employment status, the employees’ total MHLS, knowledge, and resource subscale MHLS scores were significantly higher than those of unemployed people (p=0.003, p=0.003, p=0.000; respectively) (Table 4). There were significant differences in education levels in terms of MHL total score, knowledge, and resource subscale MHLS scores (p=0.000, p=0.015, p=0.000; respectively). The results of the post hoc analyses performed to determine from which education level the significance originates are also presented in Table 4.

DISCUSSION

MHL is a multifaceted concept and refers to the knowledge and beliefs that assist in recognizing, managing and preventing mental health disorders6. Evaluating people’s MHL levels is critical in promoting early diagnosis and not delaying treatment in mental health disorders13. This study aimed to investigate the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms in patients admitted to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic, to evaluate the MHL levels, and to examine the affecting factors. In the light of the findings obtained, MHL was found to be at a moderate level, and it was lower in those with high symptom levels for anxiety and depression. On the other hand, it was determined that the MHL level was negatively affected by advanced age and the presence of chronic diseases, and it was higher in those with higher education levels, those who were married, and those who worked in any job.

Although MHL is an increasingly researched concept, studies on this subject are generally less in non-western countries. These few studies have revealed low MHL levels in non-western countries14.

There are few studies on MHL in Turkey12,15,16. One of them is the adaptation study of MHLS to Turkish, including university students. In this study, the average of the total scores obtained from the MHLS was found to be 12, and it was higher (average MHLS total score: 17) in medical faculty students than in other students12. In another study by Pehlivan et al.15 performed with university students, more than half of the participants had diagnosable psychological problems and had low MHL levels (mean MHLS total score: 12). There are other studies that concluded low MHL levels in university students17,18. In the study of Öztaş and Aydoğan16, in which health professionals evaluated the MHL levels, the mean MHLS score was found to be 1716. Since the level of knowledge of health professionals is higher than the general population, it is expected that MHL would be higher. In our study, MHL levels were higher in total (total score: 14) and subscale scores than in the studies of Göktaş et al.12 and Pehlivan et al.15, and lower than in the study of Öztaş and Aydoğan16 considering that the highest score that can be obtained from the MHLS is 22, the MHL level of the participants in our study was slightly above the mid-value.

When the factors affecting MHL were examined, compared to most of the studies in the literature, a lower MHL level was observed with increasing age compared to young adults19,20. In a review evaluating the studies on MHL in Singapore, the level of MHL was revealed to be generally low, and younger people and those with a better education level were found to have more knowledge and a better understanding of mental disorders than the elderly3. Similarly, our study observed that the MHL level decreased as the age increased. However, it was demonstrated in the literature that different results had been reached regarding the effect of age on MHL16,21,22. In a cross-sectional study examining the MHL status of elderly people in Korea, the participants’ self-reported MHL levels were lower in general, while those who were older, had a spouse, and lived in rural areas had lower MHL levels21. Piper et al.22 observed that, despite advancing age, elderly people with a mental disorder in one of their relatives had better MHL levels. In this context, it can be considered that having a mental disorder in a relative is a factor that increases the MHL level regardless of age. Öztaş and Aydoğan16, on the other hand, determined a positive correlation between the ages of the participants and MHL levels in their study on health professionals. In parallel with the advancing age of health professionals, the increase in years in the profession, the increase in professional experience, and the increase in the level of knowledge and awareness about mental health lead to an increase in the level of MHL. In the study in which the MHLS was adapted to the Turkish population, age did not affect the MHL level, unlike the literature12. Based on all these different results, it was concluded that “age” alone might not affect the MHL level and that other personal characteristics might be more dominant from time to time.

There are different results in the literature regarding the effect of gender on MHL12,15,22. In the study of Pehlivan et al.15, MHL levels were higher in female university students. The relationship of the male gender with low MHL was also reported by Farrer et al.19 and Reavley et al.20. Göktaş et al.12, on the other hand, observed that the gender of university students did not lead to a change in MHL levels. Öztaş and Aydoğan16 did not find a significant relationship between gender and MHL in healthcare professionals. Piper et al.22 also found no gender difference in MHL levels in older adults. It was concluded that gender differences might vary, especially with age, and become less relevant to MHL as we get older. In our study, no difference was found in terms of MHL levels based on gender. These different results in the literature in terms of gender are considered to be related to the occupational and age differences of the participants included in different studies.

In previous studies, it is observed that the evaluations regarding the effect of marital status on MHL were not performed in detail. In the study of Öztaş and Aydoğan16, MHL levels of those who were married were high. In our study, although there was no statistically significant difference in terms of marital status and MHLS total score, knowledge and resource subscale MHLS scores were found to be significantly higher in the married individuals compared to the singles. Although the prediction that marital status will not be a variable that affects MHL is accepted, it is thought that different results may be obtained in different study groups.

Another critical factor affecting MHL is education level. Studies have concluded that high education level positively affects MHL20,23,24. On the other hand, Piper et al.22 did not find a relationship between education level and MHL in the elderly people. Our study’s data also revealed a strong correlation between education level and MHL, in line with the majority of the literature. It is thought that the probable reason for the higher MHL level of those with higher education is that they have better psychological awareness and help-seeking knowledge. Low education level leads to inadequacy in understanding mental disorders, suggesting a need for education and interventions for the general population.

Several studies have examined the effect of people’s having a diagnosed or undiagnosed mental health disorder on MHL15,18,21,24. In a study performed with cancer patients in 2019, the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms in people with and without a history of cancer was investigated, and MHL levels were evaluated in terms of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. In this study, patients with cancer had lower MHL levels than healthy controls, and it was not associated with anxiety and depression symptoms24. Similarly, Pehlivan et al.15 did not determine a significant difference between university students with and without a diagnosis of psychiatric illness in terms of MHL. Gorczynski et al.18, on the other hand, indicated moderate and severe psychological distress in the majority of university students and found low MHL levels. A study performed with the geriatric population determined that the presence of depression negatively affected MHL21. Our study observed that the mean values in the evaluation of anxiety and depression symptoms were below the cut-off values determined for HADS. As anxiety and depression symptoms increased, MHL decreased statistically significantly. Although different results have been obtained in different studies according to the sociodemographic characteristics of the groups studied, the evaluation of MHL levels of people at risk of a mental health disorder is critical in accelerating the diagnosis and treatment process.

Study Limitations

The study’s main limitation was that it used face-to-face self-report questionnaires, which might be subject to individual bias. The strength of the study was its prospective setting, and that there are very few similar studies examining this issue in the Turkish population.

TARTIŞMA

RSOY çok yönlü bir kavramdır ve ruh sağlığı bozukluklarının tanınmasına, yönetilmesine ve önlenmesine yardımcı olan bilgi ve inançları ifade eder6. İnsanların RSOY düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi, ruh sağlığı bozukluklarında erken tanıyı desteklemek ve tedaviyi geciktirmemek açısından kritik öneme sahiptir13. Bu çalışmada Aile Hekimliği Polikliniği’ne başvuran hastalarda depresyon ve anksiyete belirtilerinin şiddetinin araştırılması, RSOY düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi ve etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre RSOY orta düzeyde olup, anksiyete ve depresyon belirti düzeyi yüksek olanlarda daha düşük bulunmuştur. Diğer yandan, RSOY düzeyinin ileri yaş ve kronik hastalık varlığından olumsuz etkilendiği, eğitim düzeyi yüksek olanlarda, evli olanlarda ve herhangi bir işte çalışanlarda daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi.

RSOY giderek daha fazla araştırılan bir kavram olmasına rağmen, bu konudaki çalışmalar genellikle batılı olmayan ülkelerde daha azdır. Bu çalışmalarda, batılı olmayan ülkelerde düşük RSOY düzeyleri ortaya koyulmuştur14.

Türkiye’de RSOY ile ilgili az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır12,15,16. Bunlardan birisi RSOYÖ’nün üniversite öğrencilerinin dahil edilmesiyle Türkçe’ye uyarlama çalışmasıdır. Bu çalışmada RSOYÖ’den alınan toplam puanların ortalaması 12 olarak bulunmuş ve tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinde diğer öğrencilere göre daha yüksek (ortalama RSOYÖ toplam puan: 17) olduğu tespit edilmiştir12. Pehlivan ve ark.’nın15 üniversite öğrencileri ile yaptıkları çalışmalarında, katılımcıların yarısından fazlasının tanı konabilir psikolojik sorunları olduğu ve RSOY düzeylerinin düşük olduğu (ortalama RSOYÖ toplam puanı: 12) bulunmuştur. Üniversite öğrencilerinde düşük RSOY seviyeleri olduğu sonucuna varan başka çalışmalar da vardır17,18. Öztaş ve Aydoğan’ın16 sağlık profesyonellerinin RSOY düzeylerini değerlendirdiği çalışmalarında ortalama RSOYÖ puanı 17 olarak bulunmuştur. Sağlık çalışanlarının bilgi düzeyleri genel popülasyona göre daha yüksek olduğu için RSOY’nin daha yüksek olması beklenmektedir. Çalışmamızda RSOY düzeyleri toplam (toplam puan: 14) ve alt ölçek puanları Göktaş ve ark.12 ve Pehlivan ve ark.’nın15 çalışmalarından daha yüksek, Öztaş ve Aydoğan’ın16 çalışmalarından daha düşüktü. RSOYÖ’den alınabilecek en yüksek puanın 22 olduğu göz önüne alındığında, çalışmamıza katılanların RSOY düzeyi orta değerin biraz üzerindeydi.

RSOY’yi etkileyen faktörler incelendiğinde, literatürdeki çoğu çalışma ile karşılaştırıldığında, artan yaşla birlikte RSOY seviyesinin genç erişkinlere göre daha düşük olduğu görüldü19,20. Singapur’da RSOY ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaları değerlendiren bir derlemede, RSOY düzeyinin genel olarak düşük olduğu, gençlerin ve eğitim düzeyi daha iyi olanların yaşlılara göre ruhsal bozukluklar konusunda daha çok bilgiye sahip oldukları ve daha iyi anladıkları saptanmıştır3. Benzer şekilde bizim çalışmamızda da yaş arttıkça RSOY düzeyinin azaldığı gözlemlendi. Ancak literatürde yaşın RSOY’e etkisi konusunda farklı sonuçlara ulaşıldığı gösterilmiştir16,21,22. Kore’de yaşlıların RSOY durumunu inceleyen kesitsel bir çalışmada, katılımcıların kendi bildirdiği RSOY seviyeleri genel olarak daha düşük bulunmuş, daha yaşlı, eşi olan ve kırsal kesimde yaşayanların daha düşük RSOY seviyelerine sahip oldukları belirtilmiştir21. Piper ve ark.22 akrabalarından birinde ruhsal bozukluğu olan yaşlıların ilerleyen yaşlarına rağmen RSOY düzeylerinin daha iyi olduğunu gözlemlemişlerdir. Bu bağlamda bir akrabada ruhsal bozukluk bulunmasının yaştan bağımsız olarak RSOY düzeyini artıran bir faktör olduğu düşünülebilir. Diğer yandan Öztaş ve Aydoğan’ın16 ise sağlık çalışanları üzerinde yaptıkları çalışmada katılımcıların yaşları ile RSOY düzeyleri arasında pozitif bir ilişki saptamışlardır. Sağlık çalışanlarının ilerleyen yaşına paralel olarak meslekte geçirilen yılların, mesleki deneyimin, ruh sağlığı konusunda bilgi ve farkındalık düzeyinin artması RSOY düzeyinin artmasına neden olmaktadır. RSOYÖ’nün Türk popülasyonuna uyarlandığı çalışmada literatürden farklı olarak yaş RSOY düzeyini etkilememiştir12. Tüm bu farklı sonuçlardan hareketle, yaşın tek başına RSOY düzeyini etkilemeyebileceği ve diğer kişisel özelliklerin zaman zaman daha baskın olabileceği sonucuna varıldı.

Cinsiyetin RSOY’ye etkisi ile ilgili literatürde farklı sonuçlar bulunmaktadır12,15,22. Pehlivan ve ark.’nın15 çalışmasında kadın üniversite öğrencilerinde RSOY düzeyleri daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Erkek cinsiyet ile düşük RSOY arasındaki ilişki Farrer ve ark.19 ve Reavley ve ark.20 tarafından rapor edilmiştir. Göktaş ve ark.12 ise üniversite öğrencilerinin cinsiyetinin RSOY düzeylerinde bir değişikliğe yol açmadığını gözlemlemişlerdir. Öztaş ve Aydoğan16 sağlık profesyonellerinde cinsiyet ile RSOY arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulamamışlardır. Piper ve ark.22 ayrıca yaşlı erişkinlerde RSOY düzeylerinde cinsiyet açısından fark bulamamışlardır. Cinsiyet farklılıklarının özellikle yaşla birlikte değişebileceği ve yaşlandıkça RSOY ile daha az ilişkili hale geldiği sonucuna varmışlardır. Çalışmamızda cinsiyete göre RSOY düzeyleri açısından fark saptanmadı. Literatürdeki cinsiyet açısından bu farklı sonuçların, farklı çalışmalara dahil edilen katılımcıların mesleki ve yaş farklılıkları ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda medeni durumun RSOY üzerindeki etkisine ilişkin değerlendirmelerin detaylı olarak yapılmadığı görülmektedir. Öztaş ve Aydoğan’ın16 çalışmasında evli olanların RSOY düzeyleri yüksek bulunmuştur. Çalışmamızda medeni durum ve RSOYÖ toplam puanı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamakla birlikte RSOYÖ bilgi ve kaynak alt ölçeği puanları evli bireylerde bekarlara göre anlamlı derecede yüksek bulundu. Medeni durumun RSOY’yi etkileyen bir değişken olmayacağı öngörüsü kabul edilse de farklı çalışma gruplarında farklı sonuçlar elde edilebileceği düşünülmektedir.

RSOY’yi etkileyen bir diğer kritik faktör eğitim düzeyidir. Araştırmalar, yüksek eğitim düzeyinin RSOY’yi olumlu etkilediği sonucuna varmıştır20,23,24. Diğer yandan Piper ve ark.22 yaşlılarda eğitim düzeyi ile RSOY arasında bir ilişki bulamamıştır. Çalışmamızın verileri de literatürün çoğunluğu ile uyumlu olarak, eğitim düzeyi ile RSOY arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Yüksek eğitim düzeyi olanlarda RSOY düzeyinin yüksek olmasının muhtemel nedeninin, psikolojik farkındalıklarının ve yardım arama bilgisine sahip olmalarının olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Düşük eğitim düzeyi, ruhsal bozuklukların anlaşılmasında yetersizliğe yol açmakta, genel nüfus için eğitim ve müdahalelere ihtiyaç olduğunu düşündürmektedir.

Birçok çalışmada, kişilerin teşhis edilmiş veya edilmemiş bir ruh sağlığı bozukluğuna sahip olmalarının RSOY üzerindeki etkisini incelemiştir15,18,21,24. 2019 yılında kanser hastaları ile yapılan bir çalışmada kanser öyküsü olan ve olmayan kişilerde depresyon ve anksiyete belirtilerinin şiddeti araştırılmış ve RSOY düzeyleri majör depresif bozukluk ve yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada kanserli hastaların RSOY seviyeleri sağlıklı kontrollere göre daha düşük bulunmuş ve anksiyete ve depresyon belirtileri ile ilişkili bulunmamıştır24. Benzer şekilde, Pehlivan ve ark.15 psikiyatrik hastalık tanısı olan ve olmayan üniversite öğrencileri arasında RSOY açısından anlamlı bir fark saptamamışlardır. Diğer yandan Gorczynski ve ark.18 ise, üniversite öğrencilerinin çoğunda orta ve şiddetli psikolojik sıkıntıya işaret etmiş ve düşük RSOY seviyeleri bulmuşlardır. Geriatrik popülasyonla yapılan bir çalışmada depresyon varlığının RSOY’yi olumsuz etkilediği belirlenmiştir21. Çalışmamızda anksiyete ve depresyon belirtilerinin değerlendirilmesinde elde edilen ortalama değerlerin HADÖ için belirlenen kesme değerlerinin altında olduğu gözlendi. Anksiyete ve depresyon belirtileri arttıkça RSOY istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde azaldı. Çalışılan grupların sosyodemografik özelliklerine göre farklı çalışmalarda farklı sonuçlar elde edilse de ruh sağlığı bozukluğu riski taşıyan kişilerin RSOY düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi tanı ve tedavi sürecinin hızlandırılmasında kritik öneme sahiptir.

Çalışmanın Kısıtlılıkları

Çalışmanın en önemli sınırlılığı, bireysel önyargıya neden olabilecek yüz yüze öz bildirim anketlerinin kullanılmasıydı. Çalışmanın gücü ise ileriye dönük olması ve Türk toplumunda bu konuyu inceleyen benzer çalışmaların çok az olmasıdır.

CONCLUSION

This study determined that the MHL level was negatively affected by advanced age and the presence of chronic diseases, and it was higher in those with higher education levels, those who were married, and those who worked in any job. For mental health disorders, it is essential to make various interventions on a community basis and individually. With more frequent and effective implementation of training programs to increase the level of MHL, more positive results regarding health and social aspects may be obtained, individuals can better manage their own and their relatives’ mental health, and thus the burden of disease can be reduced.

Acknowledgment

We thank all the participants who participated in this study.

Ethics

Ethics Committee Approval: The study were approved by the Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital Local Ethics Committee (approval no: 371, dated: 24.11.2021).
Informed Consent: Consent form was filled out by all participants.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.

Authorship Contributions

Surgical and Medical Practices: S.T.K., Ç.A., O.B., Concept: S.T.K., Ç.A., O.B., Design: S.T.K., Ç.A., O.B., Data Collection or Processing: S.T.K., Ç.A., O.B., Analysis or Interpretation: S.T.K., Ç.A., O.B., Literature Search: S.T.K., O.B., Writing: S.T.K., Ç.A., O.B.
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support.

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