Evaluation of Postoperative Complications in VASER®-assisted Liposuction: A Retrospective Study of 1,486 Cases
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Original Article
VOLUME: 12 ISSUE: 1
P: 61 - 66
March 2024

Evaluation of Postoperative Complications in VASER®-assisted Liposuction: A Retrospective Study of 1,486 Cases

Namik Kemal Med J 2024;12(1):61-66
1. Hüseyin Kandulu Clinic for Plastic Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey
No information available.
No information available
Received Date: 04.01.2024
Accepted Date: 01.02.2024
Publish Date: 22.03.2024
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ABSTRACT

Aim:

Liposuction is a popular plastic surgery procedure with a growing number of cases. Despite advancements, complications remain a significant concern. Modifications like ultrasound-assisted techniques aim to improve safety and efficacy. The aim of this study was to assess the postoperative complications in patients who underwent a vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance (VASER®)-assisted liposuction (VAL) procedure.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study of 1,486 VAL cases was conducted. Patient demographics, surgical procedures, postoperative care, and complications were recorded.

Results:

Of 1,486 patients, 45 (3.02%) experienced minor complications including loss of sensitivity, tissue stiffness, seroma, hyperpigmentation, and prolonged edema. No major complications or fatalities were observed. There was no significant correlation between fat aspirate volume and complications.

Conclusion:

VAL demonstrates safety and effectiveness, with a relatively low complication rate. Sensory loss and tissue stiffness were the most common complications. Hyperpigmentation was transient and resolved with postoperative care. Attention to patient selection, meticulous technique application, fluid management, and postoperative care is crucial to minimize complications in VAL procedures. Further studies are required to explore the specific impacts of ultrasound-assisted liposuction on patient outcomes.

Keywords:

INTRODUCTION

As of 2021, liposuction stands out as the most prevalent plastic surgery procedure, for both women and men, with an increasing popularity, boasting a 25% increase, which corresponds to approximately two million cases in the United States alone1. Furthermore, the report also describes the liposuction as the second most common plastic surgery procedure, accounting for 59,696 cases, which is 12.9% of all cases.

The liposuction is briefly defined as a suction-assisted removal of fat tissue using various cannulas, and the procedure can be conducted under either general or local anesthesia. The amount of adipose tissue removed during liposuction can vary significantly, ranging from a few hundred milliliters to several liters.

However, irrespective of the surgeon’s expertise and the utilized technique, the procedure causes significant complications due to several factors such as inappropriate selection of patients, disturbances in the perioperative and postoperative care, and several unpredictable issues2.

In order to overcome these challenges and possible complications, several modifications, including ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL), the injection of a tumescent solution into the targeted area, a subdermal or superficial approach, and the utilization of a wide-range of cannulas, have been suggested. All these modifications aim to enhance the safety and efficacy of the liposuction procedure.

In the existing literature, the overall complication rate associated with liposuction has been documented within the range of 8.6-20%. The most prevalent complication is contour deformity, which has been reported in approximately 20% of cases. Other complications include seroma, hyperpigmentation, asymmetry, and hypertrophic scar, but these are less common3,4.

Major or life-threatening complications, including skin necrosis, infection, necrotizing fasciitis, pulmonary embolism, and fatal outcomes, have been documented in approximately 0.02-0.25% of liposuction cases5,6.

In this article, we briefly reviewed and discussed the postoperative complications in our patients who underwent a vibration amplification of sound energy at resonance (VASER®)-assisted liposuction (VAL) procedure.

GİRİŞ

2021 yılı itibarıyla liposuction, hem kadın hem de erkeklerde en yaygın plastik cerrahi işlemi olarak öne çıkmakta ve popülaritesi giderek artmaktadır. Liposuction işleminin gösterdiği %25’lik artış yalnızca Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde yaklaşık iki milyon olguyla karşılık gelmektedir1. Ayrıca raporda, liposuctionın 59.696 olguyla (tüm olguların %12,9’u) ikinci en yaygın plastik cerrahi prosedürü olduğu belirtilmektedir.

Liposuction kısaca yağ dokusunun çeşitli kanüller kullanılarak emme yardımıyla alınması olarak tanımlanır ve işlem genel veya lokal anestezi altında yapılabilir. Liposuction sırasında çıkarılan yağ dokusunun miktarı, birkaç yüz mililitreden birkaç litreye kadar önemli ölçüde değişebilmektedir.

Ancak cerrahın uzmanlığı ve kullanılan teknik ne olursa olsun, uygunsuz hasta seçimi, perioperatif ve postoperatif bakımdaki aksaklıklar ve önceden tahmin edilemeyen birçok nedenden dolayı işlem önemli komplikasyonlara neden olmaktadır2.

Bu zorlukların ve olası komplikasyonların üstesinden gelmek için, ultrason destekli liposuction (UAL), hedeflenen alana şişen bir solüsyonun enjeksiyonu, deri altı veya yüzeysel bir yaklaşım ve çok çeşitli kanüllerin kullanılması dahil olmak üzere çeşitli modifikasyonlar önerilmiştir. Tüm bu modifikasyonlar liposuction prosedürünün güvenliğini ve etkinliğini artırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Mevcut literatürde liposuction ile ilişkili genel komplikasyon oranının %8,6-20 aralığında olduğu belgelenmiştir. En yaygın komplikasyon olguların yaklaşık %20’sinde bildirilen kontur deformitesidir. Diğer komplikasyonlar arasında seroma, hiperpigmentasyon, asimetri ve hipertrofik skar yer alır ancak bunlar daha az yaygındır3,4.

Liposuction olgularının yaklaşık %0,02-0,25’inde deri nekrozu, enfeksiyon, nekrotizan fasiit, pulmoner emboli ve ölümcül sonuçlar gibi majör veya yaşamı tehdit eden komplikasyonlar belgelenmiştir5,6.

Bu makalede rezonansta ses enerjisinin vibrasyon amplifikasyonu (VASER®) destekli liposuction (VAL) işlemi uygulanan hastalarımızda postoperatif komplikasyonlar kısaca gözden geçirilmiş ve tartışılmıştır.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study cohort comprised 45 patients in 1,486 VAL cases, who experienced complications following the procedures performed between January 2018 and February 2023. All patients provided informed consent, and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the İstanbul Atlas University Local Ethics Committee (document no: 27247, date: 10.05.2023).

Patients with pre-existing chronic medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, anemia, or disorders affecting the cardiovascular, renal, or hepatopancreaticobiliary systems were excluded for liposuction procedures.

The inclusion criteria encompassed patients who had undergone VAL procedures, did not exhibit the aforementioned exclusion criteria, and had developed postoperative complications. These patients were closely monitored until the resolution of their complications.

All operations were performed by the same board-certified plastic surgeon under general anesthesia. Prior to surgery, the patient’s surgical site was prepared with a povidone-iodine solution, and the patient was draped in a sterile manner and given the prone position. A tumescent solution prepared with 1 mg adrenaline and 10% anti-arrhythmic (lidocaine hydrochloride) into each 1000 mg Ringer’s lactate solution was infiltrated in the areas of liposuction and fat harvesting.

The liposuction procedures employed third-generation VASER® technology and encompassed multiple areas of aspiration, including the abdomen, gluteal region, arms, flanks, back, and thighs. During the procedure, VASER® cannulas with dimensions of 3.7, 2.9, and 2.2 mm were employed, operating in both continuous and pulse modes. The VASER® mode was configured at 100% energy (C) using a 3.7 mm 5-groove probe, with an infiltration rate of 100 mL per minute, allowing the fat emulsification.

The liposuction was performed using the conventional technique, employing 3-4, and 5 mm reverse triangular cannulas on specific regions and maintaining a flow rate of 24-26 mmHg per second.

Patients were given prophylactic antibiotherapy with a single dose of the first-generation cephalosporins prior to, and pain medication with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen after the procedure. Patients were advised to wear compression garments for a minimum of one-month post-surgery and to undergo regular lymph drainage massage for at least 15 days.

To ensure proper postoperative care, all patients were scheduled for follow-up visits, including check-ups, and photographs were taken of those residing abroad.

Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistics were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). To assess the relationships between variables, a correlation analysis was performed and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. A statistical significance level of <0.05 was considered as indicative of a significant correlation between variables.

RESULTS

During the study period, a total of 1,486 patients underwent VAL procedures targeting various areas such as the flanks, hips, waist, abdomen, neck, upper arms, chest (in male patients), medial and lateral thighs, and knees. Among 1,486 cases, 45 (3.02%) patients developed minor complications including loss of sensitivity, tissue stiffness, seroma, hyperpigmentation, and prolonged edema.

The patient group had a mean age of 36.4±6.28 years, ranging from 23 to 48 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 5/40. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.16±1.89 kg/m², ranging from 19.88 to 31.33 kg/m². The average volume of the total aspirate was 7833±1821 mL, ranging from 5450 to 10280 mL. The total number of aspirated regions was 5±2.8 (range 3-9), while the duration of VASER® was 72.4±18.6 minutes (range 34-98) (Table 1). Figure 1 shows the total volume of the tumescent solution given, and the aspirated fat tissue.

Among the 41 patients, a total of 71 complications were recorded. The most common complication was the loss of sensitivity, observed in 34 cases (47.88%), followed by tissue stiffness in 26 cases (36.61%). Seroma occurred in 15 patients (21.12%), hyperpigmentation in 5 patients (7.04%), and prolonged edema in one patient (1.40%). Within the overall patient group consisting of all 1,486 cases, the most prevalent complication was loss of sensitivity (2.28% of cases), followed by tissue stiffness (1.74%), seroma (1.00%), hyperpigmentation (0.33%), and prolonged edema (0.06%) (Table 2).

Multiple complications were present for some patients. Specifically, 14 cases (31.11%) experienced both the loss of sensitivity and tissue stiffness, while 6 patients (13.33%) had seroma in addition to these complications. Four cases (8.88%) had both seroma and loss of sensitivity, and one patient (2.22%) exhibited tissue stiffness along with hyperpigmentation. In the overall patient group, complications included a combination of loss of sensitivity and tissue stiffness in 14 cases (0.94%), seroma along with loss of sensitivity and tissue stiffness in 6 cases (0.40%), seroma combined with loss of sensitivity in 4 cases (0.26%), and a combination of tissue stiffness and hyperpigmentation in 1 case (0.06%) (Table 3).

Notably, there was no significant correlation between the volume of aspirate and the number of complications per patient (r=0.12, p=0.67).

All of the complications were resolved within 3.2±2.8 months (range 2-8 months).

We did not observe other complications, including contour irregularities, chronic induration, infection, operation site burn or distant site burn, and skin necrosis in our patient group. Furthermore, there were no major life-threatening complications or fatalities.

Figure 2 shows the preoperative and postoperative pictures of a female patient.

DISCUSSION

Since the introduction of liposuction, the procedure has undergone several modifications over time to maximize patient safety and decrease the occurrence of complications. Complications stemming from a liposuction procedure liposuction can be broadly classified into three subcategories: local and systemic complications, alongside patient dissatisfaction4.

Third-generation VAL emerges as a safe and effective technique for body contouring, enabling surgeons to more precisely target the superficial fat layer and promote skin tightening while maintaining a relatively low rate of complications and achieving higher levels of patient satisfaction7,8.

In our study, we specifically address local complications, which encompassed the following issues: loss of sensitivity, tissue stiffness, seroma, hyperpigmentation, and prolonged edema. Among the 45 patients in our study group, 25 individuals (55.56%) experienced the presence of more than one complication, and six of them (13.33%) had the occurrence of three different types of postoperative liposuction-related complications.

The overall complication rate was 3.02% in our study group, while the complication rates for liposuction were reported to be in the range of 8.6-20%3.

Chow et al.9 conducted a study with 4,534 patients, revealing a 1.5 percent postoperative complication rate in liposuction, identifying liposuction volume and BMI as notable independent risk factors. However, their study had limitations, as it relied on data from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) member database and lacked information on the specific types of liposuction procedures, potentially leading to an underrepresentation of complications and resulting in a relatively lower reported complication rate.

In a 5-year study involving 551 consecutive patients, liposuction alone had a 4.2% complication rate, and they suggest a limited epigastric ultrasound time of less than 1 minute, and liposuction time of 2 minutes minimizes the risk of seroma formation10.

In their recent case series of 261 patients who underwent UAL, Tran et al.11 reported an overall complication rate of 4.6%, contour irregularity being the most common complication. However, they frequently avoided large-volume liposuction and the lipoaspirate volume in their cohort was an average of 2284 mL.

It is a well-known fact that traditional suction-assisted liposuction (SAL) is linked to significant complications, some of which can be life-threatening. Since its introduction by Zocchi12 and Kloehn13 in 1996 and 1998, respectively, the reports have revealed lesser complication major rates with the use of UAL14. However, UAL is associated with an increased risk of thermal injury and skin necrosis to subdermal tissues due to the exothermic energy caused by ultrasound. In our 1,486 cases operated within five years, we did not encounter such major complications.

Despite the studies suggesting a correlation between the volume of aspirated fat tissue and an increased risk of complications, our study did not find any significant association between the types and number of complications and the volume of aspirated fat tissue.

One notable finding from our study was that the incidence of seroma, a common complication following liposuction, which is collection of serous fluid originating from the fibrous tissue, was surpassed by the occurrences of loss of sensitivity and tissue stiffness. We speculate that this finding might be attributed to the use of an ultrasound-assisted approach, which is relatively safer compared to the traditional SAL, providing better control over the shredding and flow of adipose tissue cells.

It is worth mentioning that many liposuction procedures are performed in conjunction with abdominoplasty, where the use of electrodissection and the absence of Scarpa fascia preservation can lead to higher tissue damage and seroma formation15. None of the patients in our study underwent additional procedures, which could explain the lower rates of seroma in our group. Furthermore, the placement of drains in the abdominal and sacral regions, along with secondary healing after drain removal, might also contribute to the lower incidence of seroma. We also advocate the use of postoperative compression garments and frequent lymph drainage massage, which could be additional factors contributing to the lower incidence of seroma and absence of hematoma in our patient group.

On the other hand, we propose that the use of a tumescent solution containing lidocaine and epinephrine could be one of the underlying reasons for the relatively higher rate of complications such as loss of sensitivity and tissue stiffness in our patient group. Supporting this hypothesis, these complications resolved shortly after the liposuction procedure in most cases. While some reports have suggested an increased incidence of these complications with a larger volume of aspirates, our study did not find a significant correlation between the volume of aspirated fat and any type of complications9. A report by Francis et al.16 indicates the acidic nature of the tumescent solution, which was also enriched by lactated Ringer’s solution, can be overcome by the addition of sodium bicarbonate as a buffer, which also enhances adipose stem cell viability. In addition to the tumescent solution, other factors such as the mechanical effect of the liposuction cannula and the conversion of ultrasound energy into thermal energy might also contribute to temporary postoperative neuropraxia. However, these potential confounders cannot be confirmed with absolute certainty and require further investigation through randomized and controlled studies.

In our patient series that experienced complications after liposuction procedures, 5 out of 45 individuals (7.04%) developed increased skin pigmentation, primarily in the abdominal and buttocks areas. Post-liposuction hyperpigmentation is a multifactorial condition with multiple potential causes, including hemosiderin deposition, excessive pressure made by the compression bandages, friction between clothing and the treated skin areas, sun exposure, and exogenous drugs such as iron supplements, hormonal therapy, and minocycline4. While the patients were evaluated in an attempt to find the underlying etiology, two reported intake of contraceptive pills, and two were under oral iron supplement therapy. However, the hyperpigmentation resolved in all patients within the first year after the liposuction procedure with regular use of sunscreen and topical application of hydroquinone.

Large-volume liposuction in the context of liposuction procedures is typically defined as the removal of 5000 ml or more of total aspirate during a single procedure, according to the ASPS17. However, some studies have set a lower threshold, considering 3500 mL or more of total aspirate volume as significant18,19. This volume is often considered safe to remove and is roughly equivalent to 5-8% of the patient’s body weight2.

In large-volume liposuction procedures, postoperative anemia is a significant concern and one of the most important causes of morbidity, thus it is crucial to consider the patient’s physiological condition while ensuring the desired aesthetic outcomes. This necessitates a closer monitoring of patients during the preoperative and postoperative periods. In our series, which evaluated blood loss in large-volume liposuction cases using third-generation internal UAL, we observed that the amount of aspirated supernatant was responsible for 44.4% of the change in hemoglobin and 30.9% of the change in hematocrit levels after the procedure20. Additionally, the presence of epinephrine in the tumescent solution can have an impact on the cardiac index, heart rate, and mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and a detailed patient screening before the surgery and appropriate patient selection are also critical factors. A recent survey by the ASPS has reported a mortality rate of 19.1/100,000, corresponding to 0.019% of all liposuction procedures, defining the major cause of death as pulmonary thromboembolism5. However, a study focusing on tumescent liposuction reported no death in a series of 66,000 cases21. Major risk factors associated with severe complications included poor sterility, infiltration of large volumes of wetting solution, early postoperative discharge, selection of medically unfit patients, and procedures performed by clinicians without accreditation in plastic surgery22.

A histopathological comparison of abdominoplasty specimens in patients who underwent both abdominoplasty and liposuction, with UAL treatment on one side and standard liposuction on the other side, revealed that disrupted collagen and elastin structures in the treated tissues were associated with longer application times23. Hence, we recommend that UAL is a safe and efficient technique when performed by experienced professionals. A close monitorization of application in terms of amplitude settings, as well as paying attention to signs such as the decreased resistance of tissue to probe movement and any alterations in the color of the aspirate in favor of different shades of pink and red. Additionally, it is crucial to avoid keeping the ultrasonic probes in one place for an extended period in order to prevent prolonged contact with the dermis.

Study Limitations

This study has several limitations worth noting. Firstly, its retrospective nature may introduce biases, and the findings are based on a single liposuction method. However, the primary focus of this study was to investigate potential factors associated with the use of an ultrasound-assisted approach and to report different complication trends compared to traditional liposuction methods.

TARTIŞMA

Liposuctionın kullanılmaya başlanmasından bu yana, hasta güvenliğini en üst düzeye çıkarmak ve komplikasyon oluşumunu azaltmak için prosedür zaman içinde çeşitli değişikliklere uğradı. Liposuction işleminden kaynaklanan komplikasyonlar lokal ve sistemik komplikasyonlar ve hasta memnuniyetsizliği olmak üzere kabaca üç alt kategoriye ayrılabilir4.

Üçüncü nesil VAL, cerrahların yüzeysel yağ tabakasını daha hassas bir şekilde hedeflemeleri, nispeten düşük komplikasyon oranı ve daha yüksek düzeyde hasta memnuniyeti elde edilmesi ve deri sıkılaşmasını iyileştirilmesine olanak sağlayan, vücut şekillendirme için güvenli ve etkili bir teknik olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır7,8.

Çalışmamızda özellikle hassasiyet kaybı, doku sertliği, seroma, hiperpigmentasyon ve uzun süreli ödem gibi lokal komplikasyonları ele aldık. Çalışma grubumuzdaki 45 hastadan 25’inde (%55,56) birden fazla komplikasyon varlığı, 6’sında (%13,33) ise postoperatif liposuctiona bağlı üç farklı komplikasyon görüldü.

Çalışma grubumuzda genel komplikasyon oranı %3,02 iken, liposuction komplikasyon oranlarının %8,6-20 aralığında olduğu rapor edilmiştir3.

Chow ve ark.9 4.534 hastayla yürüttükleri çalışmada liposuctionda ameliyat sonrası komplikasyon oranının yüzde 1,5 olduğunu ortaya koymuş ve liposuction hacmini ve VKİ’yi dikkate değer bağımsız risk faktörleri olarak belirlemişlerdir. Bununla birlikte, çalışmanın Amerikan Plastik Cerrahlar Derneği (ASPS) üye veri tabanından alınan verilere dayanması ve spesifik liposuction prosedürleri hakkında bilgi içermemesi nedeniyle çeşitli sınırlılıkları bulunmaktaydı ve bu da potansiyel olarak komplikasyonların yeterince temsil edilmemesine ve nispeten daha düşük komplikasyonla sonuçlanmasına yol açmıştır.

Beş yüz elli bir hastayı içeren 5 yıllık bir çalışmada tek başına liposuctionın komplikasyon oranı %4,2 idi ve bu çalışmada epigastrik ultrason süresinin 1 dakikadan kısa olduğu ve 2 dakikalık liposuction süresinin seroma oluşumu riskini en aza indirdiği ileri sürülmüştür10.

Tran ve ark.11, UAL uygulanan 261 hastadan oluşan yakın tarihli olgu serilerinde, en yaygın komplikasyon kontur düzensizliği olmak üzere genel komplikasyon oranını %4,6 olarak bildirmişlerdir. Bununla birlikte, sıklıkla büyük hacimli liposuctiondan kaçınmışlardır ve kohortlarındaki lipoaspirat hacmi ortalama 2284 mL’dir.

Geleneksel emme destekli liposuctionın (SAL), bazıları yaşamı tehdit edebilen önemli komplikasyonlarla bağlantılı olduğu iyi bilinen bir gerçektir. Sırasıyla 1996 ve 1998 yıllarında Zocchi12 ve Kloehn13 tarafından tanıtılmasından bu yana, raporlar UAL kullanımı ile daha az komplikasyon majör oranları ortaya koymuştur14. Bununla birlikte, UAL, ultrasonun neden olduğu ekzotermik enerji nedeniyle subdermal dokularda artmış termal yaralanma ve deri nekrozu riski ile ilişkilidir. Beş yıl içinde ameliyat ettiğimiz 1.486 olguda bu tür majör komplikasyonlarla karşılaşmadık.

Aspire edilen yağ dokusunun hacmi ile komplikasyon riskinin artması arasında bir ilişki olduğunu öne süren çalışmalara rağmen, bizim çalışmamızda komplikasyon türleri ve sayısı ile aspire edilen yağ dokusunun hacmi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır.

Çalışmamızdan elde edilen dikkate değer bir bulgu, liposuction sonrasında sık görülen bir komplikasyon olan ve fibröz dokudan kaynaklanan seröz sıvı toplanması anlamına gelen seroma insidansının, hassasiyet kaybı ve doku sertliği oluşumlarından daha fazla olmasıdır. Bu bulgunun, geleneksel SAL’a kıyasla nispeten daha güvenli olan ve yağ dokusu hücrelerinin parçalanması ve akışı üzerinde daha iyi kontrol sağlayan ultrason destekli bir yaklaşımın kullanılmasına atfedilebileceğini düşünüyoruz.

Birçok liposuction prosedürünün, elektrodiseksiyon kullanımı ve Scarpa fasyasının korunmamasının daha yüksek doku hasarına ve seroma oluşumuna yol açabileceği abdominoplasti ile birlikte yapıldığını belirtmek gerekir15. Çalışmamızdaki hiçbir hastaya ek prosedür uygulanmamıştır, bu da grubumuzdaki daha düşük seroma oranlarını açıklayabilir. Ayrıca, abdominal ve sakral bölgelere dren yerleştirilmesi ve dren çıkarıldıktan sonra sekonder iyileşme de seroma insidansının daha düşük olmasına katkıda bulunabilir. Ayrıca, ameliyat sonrası kompresyon giysilerinin kullanılmasını ve sık sık lenf drenaj masajı yapılmasını savunuyoruz; bunlar da hasta grubumuzda seroma insidansının daha düşük olmasına ve hematom olmamasına katkıda bulunan ek faktörler olabilir.

Öte yandan, hasta grubumuzda hassasiyet kaybı ve doku sertliği gibi komplikasyonların nispeten daha yüksek oranda görülmesinin altında yatan nedenlerden birinin lidokain ve epinefrin içeren tümesan solüsyon kullanımı olabileceğini düşünüyoruz. Bu hipotezi destekleyecek şekilde, bu komplikasyonlar çoğu olguda liposuction işleminden kısa bir süre sonra düzelmiştir. Bazı raporlar daha büyük aspirat hacmi ile bu komplikasyonların insidansının arttığını öne sürerken, çalışmamız aspire edilen yağ hacmi ile herhangi bir komplikasyon türü arasında anlamlı bir korelasyon bulmamıştır9. Francis ve ark.16 tarafından hazırlanan bir rapor, laktatlı Ringer solüsyonu ile de zenginleştirilen tümesan solüsyonunun asidik doğasının, adipoz kök hücre canlılığını da artıran bir tampon olarak sodyum bikarbonat ilavesiyle aşılabileceğini göstermektedir. Tümesan solüsyona ek olarak, liposuction kanülünün mekanik etkisi ve ultrason enerjisinin termal enerjiye dönüşümü gibi diğer faktörler de geçici postoperatif nöropraksiye katkıda bulunabilir. Bununla birlikte, bu potansiyel karıştırıcılar kesin olarak doğrulanamaz ve randomize ve kontrollü çalışmalarla daha fazla araştırılması gerekir.

Liposuction prosedürlerinden sonra komplikasyon yaşayan hasta serimizde, 45 kişiden 5’inde (%7,04) özellikle karın ve kalça bölgelerinde olmak üzere cilt pigmentasyonunda artış gelişmiştir. Liposuction sonrası hiperpigmentasyon, hemosiderin birikimi, kompresyon bandajları tarafından yapılan aşırı basınç, giysiler ve tedavi edilen deri alanları arasındaki sürtünme, güneşe maruz kalma ve demir takviyeleri, hormonal tedavi ve minosiklin gibi eksojen ilaçlar dahil olmak üzere birçok potansiyel nedeni olan multifaktöriyel bir durumdur4. Hastalar altta yatan etiyolojiyi bulmak amacıyla değerlendirilirken, ikisi doğum kontrol hapı aldığını ve ikisi de oral demir takviyesi tedavisi altında olduğunu bildirmiştir. Bununla birlikte, hiperpigmentasyon tüm hastalarda liposuction işleminden sonraki ilk yıl içinde düzenli güneş kremi kullanımı ve topikal hidrokinon uygulaması ile düzelmiştir.

Liposuction prosedürleri bağlamında büyük hacimli liposuction, ASPS’ye göre tipik olarak tek bir prosedür sırasında 5000 mL veya daha fazla toplam aspiratın çıkarılması olarak tanımlanır17. Bununla birlikte, bazı çalışmalar 3500 mL veya daha fazla toplam aspirat hacmini anlamlı olarak kabul ederek daha düşük bir eşik belirlemiştir18,19. Bu hacmin çıkarılması genellikle güvenli kabul edilir ve kabaca hastanın vücut ağırlığının %5-8’ine eşdeğerdir2.

Büyük hacimli liposuction prosedürlerinde, postoperatif anemi önemli bir endişe kaynağıdır ve morbiditenin en önemli nedenlerinden biridir, bu nedenle istenen estetik sonuçları sağlarken hastanın fizyolojik durumunu göz önünde bulundurmak çok önemlidir. Bu da hastaların preoperatif ve postoperatif dönemlerde daha yakından izlenmesini gerektirmektedir. Üçüncü nesil internal UAL kullanılan büyük hacimli liposuction olgularındaki kan kaybını değerlendiren serimizde, aspire edilen süpernatant miktarının işlem sonrası hemoglobin seviyesindeki değişimin %44,4’ünden ve hematokrit seviyesindeki değişimin %30,9’undan sorumlu olduğunu gözlemledik20. Ek olarak, tümesan solüsyonda epinefrin bulunması kardiyak indeks, kalp hızı ve ortalama pulmoner arter basıncı üzerinde etkili olabilir ve ameliyattan önce ayrıntılı bir hasta taraması ve uygun hasta seçimi de kritik faktörlerdir. ASPS tarafından yakın zamanda yapılan bir anket, tüm liposuction prosedürlerinin %0,019’una karşılık gelen 19,1/100.000’lik bir ölüm oranı bildirmiş ve başlıca ölüm nedenini pulmoner tromboembolizm olarak tanımlamıştır5. Bununla birlikte, tümesan liposuctiona odaklanan bir çalışmada 66.000 olguluk bir seride hiç ölüm bildirilmemiştir21. Ciddi komplikasyonlarla ilişkili başlıca risk faktörleri arasında zayıf sterilite, büyük hacimlerde ıslatma solüsyonu infiltrasyonu, erken postoperatif taburculuk, tıbbi olarak uygun olmayan hastaların seçimi ve plastik cerrahi alanında akreditasyonu olmayan klinisyenler tarafından gerçekleştirilen prosedürler yer almaktadır22.

Hem abdominoplasti hem de liposuction yapılan hastalarda, bir tarafta UAL tedavisi ve diğer tarafta standart liposuction ile abdominoplasti örneklerinin histopatolojik karşılaştırması, tedavi edilen dokulardaki bozulmuş kolajen ve elastin yapılarının daha uzun uygulama süreleri ile ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur23. Bu nedenle, UAL’nin deneyimli profesyoneller tarafından uygulandığında güvenli ve etkili bir teknik olduğunu öneriyoruz. Uygulamanın genlik ayarları açısından yakından izlenmesinin yanı sıra, dokunun prob hareketine karşı direncinin azalması ve aspiratın renginde pembe ve kırmızının farklı tonları lehine herhangi bir değişiklik olması gibi işaretlere dikkat edilmelidir. Ayrıca, dermis ile uzun süreli teması önlemek için ultrasonik probları uzun süre tek bir yerde tutmaktan kaçınmak çok önemlidir.

Çalışmanın Kısıtlılıkları

Bu çalışmanın kayda değer birkaç kısıtlaması vardır. İlk olarak, retrospektif yapısı önyargılara yol açabilir ve bulgular tek bir liposuction yöntemine dayanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bu çalışmanın birincil odak noktası ultrason destekli yaklaşımın kullanımıyla ilişkili potansiyel faktörleri araştırmak ve geleneksel liposuction yöntemlerine kıyasla farklı komplikasyon eğilimlerini rapor etmektir.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the choice of liposuction technique should involve careful consideration of patient selection, meticulous technique application, appropriate fluid management, postoperative care, and the surgeon’s expertise with the chosen method and handling and closely monitoring the ultrasound energy, and its effects on the operation sites. These factors are crucial for minimizing undertreated cases, reducing the need for re-operation, which can increase costs, prolong recovery times, and overall pose greater risks to patients.

Ethics

Ethics Committee Approval: The study was approved by the İstanbul Atlas University of Local Ethics Committee (document no: 27247, date: 10.05.2023).
Informed Consent: Retrospective study.
Financial Disclosure: The author declared that this study received no financial support.

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