Round Pneumonia Management in COVID-19 Patient
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Case Report
VOLUME: 10 ISSUE: 1
P: 115 - 117
March 2022

Round Pneumonia Management in COVID-19 Patient

Turk J Surg 2022;10(1):115-117
1. University of Health Sciences Turkey, İstanbul Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Radiology, İstanbul, Turkey
No information available.
No information available
Received Date: 15.05.2021
Accepted Date: 14.06.2021
Publish Date: 14.03.2022
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ABSTRACT

Round pneumonia is an infrequent entity in the adult population. Its clinical presentation and radiological features resemble to malignant tumoral lesions very much; therefore, it is often misdiagnosed as being malignant in nature. In patients with solitary pulmonary nodules, especially when clinical findings of pneumonia are present, plain radiography or computed tomography of the chest should be repeated after the treatment and follow-up time should be extended. Although radiological findings of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia have been described, it should be kept in mind that other respiratory tract infections may be observed in these patients as a co-infection to COVID-19.

Keywords:
Pneumonia, viral pneumonia, COVID-19, neoplasms, computed tomography

INTRODUCTION

Round pneumonia is a subtype of pneumonia that is frequently observed in the pediatric age group and very rarely in adults1. The pathology is normally attributable to the presence of immature Kohn pores and canals of Lambert in children, causing inflammatory consolidation to be limited to a round morphology2. In adults, on the other hand, inflammatory processes normally spread laterally to cause what is known as lobar pneumonia. However, developmental arrest, or faulty development of Kohn pores and the canals of Lambert duct, may frequently limit the consolidation in adults as well2. In such cases, Streptococcus is the most common cause of etiology, although Coxiella burnetii and coronaviruses may also present as round pneumonia3. Lately, we have encountered such an appearance in a patient with computed tomography (CT) findings and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) evidence of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Although many studies have been conducted to describe the typical, indeterminate, and atypical CT features of the disease, as of yet, round pneumonia has not been reported as a primary or accompanying finding of the disease4.

GİRİŞ

Round pnömoni, pediatrik yaş grubunda sıklıkla, erişkinlerde ise çok nadir görülen bir pnömoni alt tipidir1. Patoloji normalde çocuklarda olgunlaşmamış Kohn gözenekleri ve Lambert kanallarının varlığına atfedilebilir ve bu da enflamatuvar konsolidasyonun round morfoloji ile sınırlı kalmasına neden olur2. Diğer yandan yetişkinlerde, enflamatuvar süreçler genellikle lateral olarak yayılarak lober pnömoni olarak bilinen duruma neden olur. Bununla birlikte, Kohn gözeneklerinin ve Lambert kanallarının hatalı gelişimi veya gelişimsel arrest, yetişkinlerde de konsolidasyonu sıklıkla sınırlayabilir2. Bu gibi durumlarda, Coxiella burnetii ve koronavirüsler de yuvarlak pnömoni olarak ortaya çıkabilmesine rağmen, Streptococcus etiyolojinin en yaygın nedenidir3. Son zamanlarda bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) bulguları ve gerçek zamanlı-polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (RT-PCR) Koronavirüs hastalığı-2019’u (COVID-19) gösteren bir hastada böyle bir görünümle karşılaştık. Hastalığın tipik, belirsiz ve atipik BT özelliklerini tanımlamak için birçok çalışma yapılmış olmasına rağmen, henüz round pnömoni, hastalığın birincil veya eşlik eden bir bulgusu olarak bildirilmemiştir4.

CASE REPORT

A 42-year-old male hospital worker was admitted to the emergency department with the complaints of cough, sputum, shortness of breath, and pleuritic pain in the left side for the last two days. He was a heavy smoker (20 packs/year). Upon admission, his vital signs were as follows: body temperature: 36 °C, blood pressure: 125/81 mmHg, pulse: 102 bpm, and O2 saturation: 96%. Laboratory findings were as follows: white blood cell count: 7x103/uL (4-10), C-reactive protein: 1.21 mg/dL (0-0.5), lymphocyte count 3.3 103/uL (0.80-4.00), D-dimer: 0.23 ug/mL (0-0.5), and ferritin: 92.96 ng/mL (22-275). Chest CT and naso-oropharyngeal swab were performed due to the patient’s potential risk of exposure to COVID -19 patients in the hospital. Chest CT findings were normal except for a pleural-based 6.6×6.2 mm rounded mass with regular margins in the left upper lobe, which was interpreted as solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) (Figure 1A). Due to the size of the nodule, short-term follow-up was planned. However, the patient was readmitted to the emergency department four days after his initial presentation. At that time, he had increased back pain and shortness of breath. His vital signs and oxygen saturation were normal. CT scan was repeated and it revealed a significant progression of the mass to 16.2×12.5 mm (Figure 1B) and structural findings (i.e., bilateral peripheral, posterior, ground-glass opacities) of COVID-19, although RT-PCR test was still negative (Figure 1B). However, in the light of typical CT findings and according to national management guidelines, the patient was diagnosed as mild COVID-195. The SPN, on the other hand, was interpreted as an atypical finding of COVID-19 pneumonia, due to the rapid progression of the lesion and its temporal relationship with the latter. The patient received favipiravir regiment (2×1600 mg/day) on the first day as a loading dose, followed by a total of 1200 mg/day (2×600 mg/day) for 14 days. Although the parenchymal findings of COVID-19 disappeared on the fourteenth day (Figure 1C), the solitary lesion had significantly progressed in size and reached 27.5×26 mm in size and had irregular margins (Figure 1C). The lesion was thought to have a bacterial origin and a broad-spectrum antibiotic was empirically initiated. Fourteen days after the start of antibiotic treatment, the lesion had significantly regressed to 14×13 mm in size, with air bronchogram with pleural thickening (Figure 1D). Although the clinical findings of the patient had resolved, positron emission tomography (PET)/CT was requested by the clinician and the lesion was evaluated as benign in nature with low fluorodeoxyglucose uptake (Figure 2). Informed consent was obtained from the patient.

OLGU SUNUMU

Hastanede çalışan 42 yaşında erkek hasta son iki gündür devam eden öksürük, balgam, nefes darlığı ve sol tarafta plöritik ağrı şikayetleri ile acil servise başvurdu. Ağır sigara içicisiydi (20 paket/yıl). Başvuru anında vital bulguları şu şekildeydi: Vücut ısısı: 36 °C, kan basıncı: 125/81 mmHg, nabız: 102 bpm ve O2 satürasyonu: %96. Laboratuvar bulguları şu şekildeydi: Beyaz kan hücresi sayısı: 7x103/uL (4-10), C-reaktif protein: 1,21 mg/dL (0-0,5), lenfosit sayısı: 3,3 103/uL (0,80-4,00), D-dimer: 0,23 ug/mL (0-0,5) ve feritin: 92,96 ng/mL (22-275). Hastanın hastanede COVID-19 hastalarına maruz kalma potansiyel riski nedeniyle göğüs BT ve nazo-orofaringeal sürüntü yapıldı. Akciğer BT bulguları soliter pulmoner nodül (SPN) olarak yorumlanan, sol üst lobda düzenli sınırları olan plevral tabanlı 6,6x6,2 mm boyutundaki yuvarlak bir kitle dışında normaldi (Şekil 1A). Nodülün boyutu nedeniyle kısa süreli takip planlandı. Ancak hasta ilk başvurusundan dört gün sonra acil servise tekrar başvurdu. O sırada sırt ağrısı ve nefes darlığı artmıştı. Vital bulguları ve oksijen satürasyonu normaldi. BT taraması tekrarlandı ve kitlenin 16,2×12,5 mm’ye (Şekil 1B) belirgin bir şekilde ilerlediği ve RT-PCR testi hala negatif olmasına rağmen COVID-19’un yapısal bulgularının (yani bilateral periferik, posterior, buzlu cam opasiteleri) olduğu görüldü (Şekil 1B). Ancak tipik BT bulguları ışığında ve ulusal yönetim kılavuzlarına göre hastaya hafif COVID-19 tanısı konuldu5. SPN ise lezyonun hızlı ilerlemesi ve lezyonla zamansal ilişkisi nedeniyle COVID-19 pnömonisinin atipik bir bulgusu olarak yorumlandı. Hastaya favipiravir ilk gün yükleme dozu olarak (2x1600 mg/gün), ardından 14 gün boyunca toplam 1200 mg/gün (2x600 mg/gün) verildi. COVID-19’un parankimal bulguları on dördüncü günde kaybolmasına rağmen (Şekil 1C), soliter lezyon boyut olarak önemli ölçüde ilerlemiş ve 27,5×26 mm boyutuna ulaşmıştı ve düzensiz sınırlara sahipti (Şekil 1C). Lezyonun bakteri kaynaklı olduğu düşünüldü ve ampirik olarak geniş spektrumlu bir antibiyotik başlandı.

Antibiyotik tedavisinin başlamasından on dört gün sonra, lezyon plevral kalınlaşma ile birlikte hava bronkogramı ile 14×13 mm boyutuna önemli ölçüde gerilemiştir (Şekil 1D). Hastanın klinik bulguları düzelmesine rağmen klinisyen tarafından pozitron emisyon tomografisi (PET)/BT istendi ve lezyon düşük florodeoksiglukoz (FDG) tutulumu ile benign karakterde değerlendirildi (Şekil 2). Hastadan bilgilendirilmiş onam alındı.

DISCUSSION

Round pneumonia is a type of pneumonia almost always seen in the pediatric age group. It is uncommon after eight years of age but it can also be encountered in adulthood. It may be an early stage of lobar pneumonia or related to developmental defect of inter-alveolar communications and collateral airways1,2. While they mostly occur in inferior lobes in children, in adult patients, superior lobes are dominant and air bronchograms are very rare (17%)2. The typical radiological feature of round pneumonia is a round, well circumscribed consolidation area with irregular margins1. They may have spicules, pleural thickness, and satellite nodules6. The differential diagnosis of round pneumonia from bronchogenic carcinoma can be difficult and is generally based on the lesion’s response to antibiotics. However, there are cases where malignant obstructions may cause secondary infection and antibiotic treatment may result in temporary but not permanent regression in lesion size. In such cases, FDG-PET may attempt to provide clues, though seldomly as both lesions may show increased metabolism7,8. The definitive diagnosis is either by complete resolution of the lesion in due course or by tissue biopsy.

The histopathological features of COVID-19 pneumonia are parenchymal and pulmonary interstitial damage. This damage manifests as so-called “typical” findings that include but not limited to ground-glass opacities and consolidation9. Rarely, focal GGO or opacities may be encountered in round morphology in COVID-19 pneumonia10. It must be noted that other respiratory infections can also be observed in COVID-19 pneumonia patients as demonstrated in this report. There are no obvious guidelines for bacterial co-infection in COVID-19 but empiric antibiotics should be given if radiological atypical findings such as round pneumonia are present11.

TARTIŞMA

Round pnömoni, hemen her zaman pediatrik yaş grubunda görülen bir pnömoni türüdür. Sekiz yaşından sonra nadir olmakla birlikte yetişkinlikte de karşılaşılabilir. Lober pnömoninin erken bir evresi olabilir veya interalveoler iletişim ve kollateral hava yollarının gelişimsel defektiyle ilişkili olabilir1,2. Çocuklarda daha çok alt loblarda görülürken erişkin hastalarda üst lob baskındır ve hava bronkogramları çok nadirdir (%17)2. Round pnömoninin tipik radyolojik özelliği, düzensiz sınırları olan yuvarlak, iyi sınırlı bir konsolidasyon alanıdır1. Spikülleri, plevral kalınlıkları ve satellit nodülleri olabilir6. Round pnömoninin bronkojenik karsinomdan ayırıcı tanısı zor olabilir ve genellikle lezyonun antibiyotiklere verdiği yanıta dayanır. Ancak, malign tıkanıklıkların ikincil enfeksiyona neden olabileceği ve antibiyotik tedavisinin lezyon boyutunda geçici ancak kalıcı olmayan gerileme ile sonuçlanabileceği durumlar vardır. Bu gibi durumlarda, FDG-PET ipuçlarını elde etmeye yardımcı olabilir, ancak nadiren her iki lezyon da artmış metabolizma gösterebilir7,8. Kesin tanı, lezyonun zaman içinde tamamen iyileşmesi veya doku biyopsisi ile konur.

COVID-19 pnömonisinin histopatolojik özellikleri parankimal ve pulmoner interstisyel hasardır. Bu hasar, buzlu cam opasiteleri ve konsolidasyonu içeren ancak bunlarla sınırlı olmayan “tipik” bulgular olarak kendini gösterir9. Nadiren, COVID-19 pnömonisinde yuvarlak morfolojide fokal GGO veya opasitelerle karşılaşılabilir10. Bu raporda gösterildiği gibi COVID-19 pnömoni hastalarında başka solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarının da görülebileceği unutulmamalıdır. COVID-19’da bakteriyel ko-enfeksiyon için kesin bir kılavuz yoktur, ancak round pnömoni gibi radyolojik atipik bulgular varsa ampirik antibiyotik verilmelidir11.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, round pneumonia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with nodular consolidation and should be evaluated in terms of malignancy after appropriate medical treatment.

Ethics

Informed Consent: Consent form was filled out by all participants.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.

Authorship Contributions

Surgical and Medical Practices: G.Y., Concept: G.Y., H.M.K., Design: G.Y., H.M.K., Data Collection or Processing: G.Y., Analysis or Interpretation: G.Y., Literature Search: G.Y., Writing: G.Y., H.M.K.
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support.

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